Aris Wibowo: Early Performance Clonal Tests of Teak in Perum Perhutani Java

Sadhardjo Siswamartana and Aris Wibowo.

Teak Center Perhutani, Jl. Wonosari Batokan, Cepu, Central Java , Indonesia

Telp: +62 296 421233, Fax: =62 296 42243, Email: sadhardjo@hotmail.com

Abstract

Height and diameter growth were assessed in four clonal tests of Teak (Tectona grandis LF) in Perum Perhutani (Indonesian State Owned Forest Enterprise) at five years of age. The specific objectives of this research were: 1) to ascertain clone variation on height, diameter and stem straightness; and 2) to identify the best clone. The clonal tests were established in four sites (Cepu, Bojonegoro, Ngawi and Ciamis) in January 1999.

The estimates of tree heritability for height were moderate on 2 sites (h²= 0.12 in Bojonegoro and h²= 0.27 in Ngawi), high (h²= 0.57) in Ciamis, and not significant in Cepu. Meanwhile, the heritability for diameter was high (h²= 0.51) in Ngawi and moderate (h²=0.2 - 0.41) in 3 sites (Cepu, Bojonegoro, Ciamis). The result for heritability of stem straightness is 0.61 (h²= 0.61). Family-site interactions were significant for the three (3) different parameters.

Key words: Teak (Tectona grandis), clonal tests, heritability, growth.

Introduction

Teak (Tectona grandis L.F) is considered as one of the most valuable species of three. Due to its wood physical and mechanical properties, Teak has been used for heavy duty equipment and durable construction. Moreover, Teak has been domesticated in Java for over 600 years. In Java most of the teak plantations managed by Perhutani (Indonesian State Owned Forest Enterprise) with more than 700.000 Ha under plantation (Perhutani 1992).

Since Teak is intensively managed, any program to increase its productivity (volume and quality) will have significance effect on the company revenue. A program to increase Teak forest productivity has been set up, namely intensive teak silviculture. The efforts that are done in the program are the use of superior plant material, better land preparation and maintenance. Superior plant materials have been obtained through systematic genetic tree improvement programs. The improvement program initiated since 1980s by selecting plus trees from existing plantations in all over Java Island as well as surrounding outer islands. Clonal test were than established subsequently.

In 1997, Perhutani start to establish hedge garden of teak. The hedge garden was established by bud grafting uses scion of selected plus trees. Hedge garden of 1 X 1 m spacing may produce shoot cutting between 20-25 ramets/months. Their rooting ability is varied between 49,58% to 90%. Take into consideration the twelve best clones may reach rooting ability over 72% (Wibowo, 1999; Wibowo, 2002). Seedling from those shoot cutting then were used for established the clonal test.

This paper reports the results of 4 (four) teak clonal test assessed at 5 years of age.

Materials and Methods

The parent trees were selected from plus trees in Java and raised in hedge garden. The clonal tests were established in February 1999 located in four sites: Cepu (Central Java), Bojonegoro (East Java), Ngawi (East Java), and Ciamis (West Java). The four tests were laid out in a completely randomized block design, 65 clones, four trees per plot, line plot, replicated five blocks with four different agro ecological sites. The initial planting was 3 x 3 m in all trials.

Table 1

Site Description

Description	Ciamis (West Java)	Cepu (Central Java)	Bojonegoro (East Java)	Ngawi (East Java)
Latitude (S) Longitude (S) Altitude (m) Rainfall (mm Yr 1) Soil Topography	07°50` 108°31` 300 2943 Inceptisol Undulating	07° 23` 111°59` 50 2050 Vertisol Flat	07°17` 112°00` 50 1714 Alfisol Flat	07°56` 111°50` 50 2159 Vertisol Flat

Source: Pusbang SDH

All population in the test plot of five year of age was measured in their height, diameter (1.3 m above ground) and stem straightness. Stem straightness was scored subjectively using three different score. First score is where stem straightness around 90° which consider as very good. Second score is where stem straightness has an angle of 45° to 75°, which consider good. Third score is where stem straightness has an angle lower than 45°, which consider as bad. The data were than analyzed using analyses of variance and estimated of heritability. The estimated formulas are:

Single Site

Across Site

Where:

s²c: component of variance due to clone

s²cs: component of variance due to clone-site interactions

s²e: residual error

r: block replication

Results and Discussion

Differences between clones in height and diameter growth parameter were significance in on all sites, except in height parameter in Cepu site (Table 2). The estimated of heritability in height growth were moderate on two sites (h²= 0.12 in Bojonegoro and h²= 0.27 on Ngawi) and high (h²= 0.57) in Ciamis. Meanwhile the heritability in diameter was high (h²= 0.51) in Ngawi and moderate (h²=0.2-0.41) in 3 sites (Cepu, Bojonegoro, Ciamis). Stem straightness heritability is high (h²= 0.61) Family-site interactions were significant for three (3) parameters.

On Cepu site an estimated heritability for height is 0 (-), meaning that there is no indication of expression of the genetic potential. The published data in teak indicate that genetic differences in height were small (Hardiyanto et al, 1992; Kaosa-ard, 1998; Wibowo, 2002; Sadhardjo et al, 2002 and 2003).

The estimated heritability of diameter was higher than those of height. Some open-pollinated progeny tests of teak in Cepu, Central Java shows that heritability of height is 0.06-0.02 and diameter ranged is from 0.06-0.017 (Sadhardjo et al, 2002). Open-pollinated progeny tests of teak in Ngawi, East Java shows the heritability of height is 0.32 and diameter is ranged from 0.62 (Sadhardjo et al, 2003). Result from open-pollinated progeny tests of teak in India shows that the heritability of height varied from 0.07 to 0.64 and diameter is ranged from 0.1 to 0.53 (Nicodemus et al, 2001). Therefore, the result from both open-pollinated and clonal tests of teak shows the same result, in terms of potential genetic.

Table 2

Clone Means, Means Square and Estimated Heritability (h²) of 5 Years of Age

Teak Clonal Tests

Site	Mean		Means Square		h²
Site	Diameter	Height	Diameter	Height	Diameter	Height
Cepu (Central Java)	7.05 cm	6.65 m	22.96*	1.24 ns	0.26	-
Bojonegoro (East Java)	6.2 cm	6.1 m	0.96*	15.65*	0.2	0.12
Ngawi (East Java)	8.6 cm	6.0 m	67.95*	1.955*	0.51	0.27
Ciamis (West Java)	10.1 cm	8,2 m	112.96*	4.835*	0.41	0.57

Note: * shows significant level at 5%,

Stem straightness represent an important parameter in clonal forestry since its reflect the timber quality. The estimated heritability of stem straightness in four site at one and five years old shows a value of h2 = 0.61 and an indication of very high of genetic potential occurred in all site and stable in all age. Among 65 clones, 12 clones showed excellent and stable growth and performance across four sites.

There are two clones that perform superior growth and also indicate tolerable to drought condition and ever green in the dry seasons. There are also indicators that the clones are less susceptible of Hyblaea puera pest. Those two clones also represent the most productive hedge garden with the rate of production of shoot cutting more than 25 sprouts per month. Their rooting ability is more than 90%.

Some clones indicate the tendency to have plagiothropic growth. This remains inconclusive since the condition probably caused by miss selecting the sprouts for the scion for hedge garden establishment.

The genetic correlation between height and diameter is very strong (0.71). The genetic correlation indicates that better clone selection based on diameter will directly affect height

Further Application

The result from the preliminary analysis has been used to establish clonal forestry from best twelve clones. The performance at the first year evaluation shows uniformity in terms of growth and height and diameter growth, increases by 33% and 62% respectively, compare to those of control plantations (Wibowo, 2002). Appendix 1 and Appendix 2 shows the comparation between average growth of both diameter and height in the clonal test and clonal plantation of the best clone. The figure indicates the potential to increase the Teak forest productivity by using monoclonal plantation. Unfortunately, monoclonal plantation is not recommended by assessor of Sustainable Forest Management. Nowadays, totally 150 Ha of clonal forestry using those two clones have been established and it is expected to increase in the near future.

Acknowledgment

The clonal tests were conducted in collaboration between Teak Center Perhutani and the Faculty of Forestry Gajah Mada University, Indonesia. We would like to thank Sugi Purwanta, Pujo Sumantoro, Dian Rodiana and Agus Suprapto, for providing the data and analysis.

Reference

Perum Perhutani. 1992. Program Pemuliaan Pohon Jati dan Pelaksanaannya di Wilayah Perum Perhutani. Proceeding National Seminar Status Silvikultur di Indonesia Saat Ini.

Hardiyanto, E. B, Sunyoto, Soeseno O.H. and M. Na’iem. 1992. “Early Performance of Teak Progeny Test”. In: H. Simon, A. Fatah, Sumardi, S. Dipodiningrat, and H. Iswantoro (Eds.): Proceedings International Symposium on Sustainable Forest Management, September 21-24. Yogyakarta, Indonesia.

Kaosa-ard. 1998. “Teak Breeding and Improvement Strategies”. In: Teak for Future, Proceedings of the Regional Seminar on Teak, 29 Mei -3 June, Myanmar. Rep. Publication 1998/5.

Nicodemus, A. Nagarajan, B. Mandal, A.K. and Subramanian K. 2001. “Genetic Improvement of Teak in India”. In: Hardiyanto, Eo.B. (Eds.): Potential and Opportunities in Marketing and Trade of Plantation Teak: Challenge for the New Millennium. Proceedings of the Regional Seminar on Teak, 31 July 31- 4 August 2000. Yogyakarta, Indonesia.

Wibowo, Aris. 1999. Studi Variasi Genetik tentang Kemampuan Perakaran Stek Pucuk Jati di Kebun Pangkas Cepu. Thesis for Master Degree, Gadjah Mada University. Yogyakarta.

Wibowo, Aris, 2002. Karakteristik Klon, Umur Pohon Plus, dan Provenan terhadap Rooting Ability Stek Pucuk di Kebun Pangkas Cepu. Research Report Pusbang SDH. Cepu, Indonesia.

Wibowo, Aris, 2002. Uji Klon Jati. Article in Bulletin Pusbang SDH. Cepu, Indonesia.

Sadhardjo, Wibowo, A, and Purwanta, S. 2002. “Early Performance of Progeny Tests in Cepu, Central Java”. In: Anto Rimbawanto and Mudji Susanto (Eds.): Proceedings Advances in Genetic Improvement of Tropical Tree Species. October 1-3, 2002.

Sadhardjo, Wibowo, A, and Purwanta, S. 2003. Evaluasi Awal Uji Keturunan Jati di Perum Perhutani Ngawi. Prosiding Inovasi Teknologi untuk Meningkatkan Daya Saing dalam Menghadapi Era Globalisasi, September 2003. Semarang, Indonesia.

Appendix 1.

Growth Performance of Teak on Clonal Tests and Clonal Plantation, 15 months age in Ngawi, East Java ( Wibowo, 2002)